accessory olfactory bulbs การใช้

• The VNO is an encased accessory olfactory bulb, which is relatively large in strepsirrhines.
• Likewise, there is no evidence for any accessory olfactory bulb in adult human beings,
• Neuromodulatory systems can target the vomeronasal system to mediate sexual behaviors signaled by the accessory olfactory bulb
• The vomeronasal cells report to a distinct region of the olfactory bulb known as the accessory olfactory bulb.
• Axonal targeting by Slit-Robo appears to play an important role in the organization of topographic projections of axons which correspond to accessory olfactory bulb ( AOB ).
• The axons from these neurons project to the accessory olfactory bulb, which targets the amygdala and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, which in turn project to the hypothalamus.
• From the accessory olfactory bulb, information is sent to the amygdala, which handles emotions, and then to the hypothalamus, which handles basic body functions and metabolic processes.
• Likewise, there is no evidence for any accessory olfactory bulb in adult human beings, and the key genes involved in VNO function in other mammals have pseudogeneized in human beings.
• "' Accessory olfactory cortical areas "'are portions of the human amygdala that are homologous to those areas in other species that receive afferents from the accessory olfactory bulb.
• For the group in which vomeronasal perception was rendered inactive, the vomeronasal nerves only were severed; this was later confirmed by use of both an anterograde tracer and postmortem examination of the accessory olfactory bulb.
• But the accessory olfactory bulb bypasses the higher centers, sending its fibers to the amygdala, an area of emotional control, and from there to the hypothalamus, a control region for the body's hormones.
• As in the main olfactory system, the axons of these sensory neurons project from the vomeronasal organ to the accessory olfactory bulb, which in the mouse is located on the dorsal-posterior portion of the main olfactory bulb.
• Unlike in the main olfactory system, the axons that leave the accessory olfactory bulb do not project to the brain's cortex but rather to targets in the amygdala and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, and from there to the hypothalamus, where they may influence aggressive and mating behavior.
• Using a ?-galactosidase ( ?-gal ) reporter gene inserted into the phosphatase domain of the murine PTPkappa ( PTPRK ) gene, Shen and colleagues determined the detailed expression pattern of endogenous PTPRK . ?-gal activity was observed in many areas of the adult forebrain, including layers II and IV, and to a lesser extent in layer VI of the cortex . ?-gal activity was also observed in apical dendrites of cortical pyramidal cells, the granule layer of the olfactory and accessory olfactory bulbs, the anterior hypothalamus, paraventricular nucleus, and in granule and pyramidal layers of the dentate gyrus and CA 1-3 regions of the hippocampus.